Research targets

Programmed death-1/CD279 checkpoints T-cell activation thresholds in exhaustion models. Puweituo recombinants and research reagents underpin combination IO potency assays.

PD-L1 (B7-H1) engages PD-1 to promote immune evasion. Source recombinant ligands and blocking tools for reporter, binding and IO mechanism studies.

CTLA-4 is a canonical coinhibitory receptor shaping peripheral and intratumoral T-cell responses for combination checkpoint research.

CD47 delivers “don’t eat me” signaling via SIRPα, modulating macrophage engulfment—a focal axis in myeloid IO and hematologic malignancies.

CD19 defines B-cell lineage biology and anchors CAR-T and bispecific engager modalities in lymphoid malignancies.

B-cell maturation antigen is richly expressed on multiple myeloma cells, powering CAR-T, bispecific and ADC pipelines.

HER2/ERBB2 RTK status drives oncology biologics—from ADCs to bispecific modalities—in solid tumors.

VEGF-A orchestrates neo-angiogenesis and vascular remodeling intertwined with immunosuppressive TME cues.

EGFR is a hallmark RTK in epithelial-derived cancers and supports kinase pathway assays and antibody lead evaluation.

CD3 complex couples TCR signaling—ubiquitously harnessed as the T-cell activating arm for bispecific engagers.

LAG-3 is an emerging inhibitor receptor co-expressed with PD-1 in exhausted T-cell states for dual-blockade discovery.

TIM-3 contributes to exhaustion programs and myeloid interplay within metabolically suppressed TME niches.

TGF-β orchestrates fibrosis, immune suppression and tumor-stroma dialogs central to immune-oncology modeling.

4-1BB (CD137) is a TNFRSF costimulatory axis pursued for agonist immunotherapy and combination regimens.

OX40 drives effector/memory T-cell amplification and synergizes innate-adaptive interplay in IO payloads.

IL-6 anchors inflammatory cascades—from CRS biology to chronic immune activation assays.

CD20 confines to B lymphocytes and fronts lymphoma modalities—rituximab-class and CD3-directed engagers alike.

TIGIT competitively dampensPVR/CD226 axes and is intensely studied alongside PD-(L)1 co-blockades.

VISTA predominates myeloid-heavy niches informing cold-tumor immunity and adaptive resistance hypotheses.

CD28 delivers quintessential T-cell costimulation for immunotherapy payloads and engineered immune-cell programs.